Ukuvula iiMfihlo zoMxhesho wokuGxininisa ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkomo yobisi

Enye yezinto eziphambili ezinceda iinkomo zobisi ukuba zivelise ubisi oluninzi kukutya okufanelekileyo, kunye ukutya okuxineneyo yenza umahluko omkhulu kule nkalo. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, apho kukho iimfuno ezikhulayo zempilo engcono yomhlambi kunye nemveliso yobisi ephezulu, ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukuba ukutya okugxininisiweyo okusebenzayo kunye okunenzuzo kunokugxininiswa kangakanani, ngakumbi phakathi kweengcali zesondlo semfuyo kunye namafama obisi. Oku kubhalwa kuchaza inzululwazi kunye namaqhinga ajikeleze ukutya okugxininiswe, kuphonononga ukuba isiqulatho sezondlo ekujoliswe kuso sinokwandisa njani isixa sobisi oluveliswayo, ukuxhasa impilo jikelele, kunye nokukhuthaza izenzo zoqoqosho zasefama. Nokuba uzama ukwandisa ukusebenza kweqela lakho okanye ufuna ukongeza uphuculo kwindlela yakho yokutya, le ncwadana iqulethe iingcebiso eziya kukunceda ubeke amanyathelo phantsi ukuze uphucule ishishini lakho lokufama usebenzisa iindlela ezivavanyiweyo.

Yintoni i-Concentrate Feed, kwaye IyiNzuzo Njani iNzululwazi yezobisi?

Ugxininiso lokutya yindibaniselwano yezinto ezinamandla kakhulu kunye nezakhamzimba ezixineneyo ezenzelwe ukongeza ifula kumxhesho wenkomo zobisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ibandakanya ukutya okuziinkozo, ukutya okuneprotheyini, iivithamini, neeminerali, ezibonelela ngokulinganayo kwezondlo eziyimfuneko. Ngokwenzululwazi yobisi, ukutya okugxininiswe kuluncedo ngenxa yesakhono saso sokwandisa imveliso yobisi ngokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla kunye neprotheyini efunekayo kwiinkomo ezincancisayo. Oku kukwanegalelo kwimpilo yemihlambi ngokuqinisekisa isondlo esingaguqukiyo okanye esithembekileyo esinokuphucula izinga lokuzala kunye nokunciphisa izehlo zezifo phakathi kwale mihlambi. Kumafama, ukutya okugxininisiweyo kubonelela ngendlela engabiziyo yokulawula ukutya kwemfuyo yabo, okukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye namanqanaba emveliso.

Ukuqonda aMalunga okuFundisa okuQinisekisayo

Imithombo yamandla, izongezo zeprotheyini, iivithamin, kunye neeminerali zezona zithako zokuxilisa ukutya. Iinkozo kunye nezinye iimveliso zisebenza njengemithombo yamandla enikezela ngeekhalori zokugcinwa kunye nokuveliswa. Izongezo zeprotheyini ezinjengokutya kweembotyi zesoya okanye ukutya kwecanola ziqulethe iiamino acids ezibalulekileyo ezithi ziphucule imveliso yobisi kunye nempilo jikelele. Iivithamini kunye neeminerali zongezwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokutya ezifunekayo ukuze kugcinwe umsebenzi we-metabolic kunye nokukhuseleka kwezempilo. Ukusebenza kakuhle komhlambi kuxhomekeke ekubeni la malungu alungelelaniswe kakuhle kangakanani na ukuze kuphunyezwe imveliso.

Indima yokuJolisa kwiSayensi yezoDai

Isondlo esixinene ngamandla yindima ephambili edlalwe zizigxina ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwenkomo zobisi kunye nemveliso; njengoko oku kuxa ifula iyodwa ingakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesondlo seenkomo ezincancisayo, ezidla ngokufuna amandla amaninzi kunye neprotheyini. Phakathi kwezi, ugxininiso ludla ngokuba malunga ne-30-50% yokutya iyonke, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokukhula kunye nomgangatho wefula.

Ukuqulunqwa kwezinto ezidliwayo kujoliswe ekwandiseni amandla avela kwimithombo efana nombona, irhasi, okanye ingqolowa ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba amanqanaba aneleyo eprotheyini akhoyo ngokubandakanywa kwesidlo sesoya, i-cottonseed meal, okanye ezinye izinto ezineprotheyini. Ngokumalunga nomgangatho wesithako, iindlela zale mihla zitshintshele kulungelelwaniso lwezondlo oluchanekileyo oluxhaswa zizixhobo ezifana ne-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Imixube yoxinaniso eyilwe ngokukodwa iyacetyiswa kuba inokonyusa imveliso yobisi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15-20%, ngaloo ndlela iphucula imeko yezoqoqosho nesondlo kumafama obisi (Douglas et al., 1995).

Ukuchuma okuthe kratya, ukungakhuseleki kunye nempilo yemetabolism inegalelo lokulandela iiminerali kunye nevithamini kwisondlo. Ngokomzekelo, iivithamini E kunye ne-selenium ziphucula iindlela zokukhusela i-antioxidant, ngelixa i-calcium kunye ne-phosphorus ziqinisekisa amathambo aqinileyo kunye nobisi olwenziwa ngokulandelelana. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukwenza ukutya okungenazo izinto ezichasene nesondlo njenge-nitrogen engeyiyo iprotheni enokuthi ibangele i-asidi okanye inciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya.

Ngokusetyenziswa kwedatha echanekileyo yokwakheka kwesondlo kunye neemodeli zesondlo eziphucukileyo, icandelo liqhubela phambili kwiindlela ezichanekileyo zezolimo. Injongo yale ndlela ayikokwandisa kuphela isivuno kodwa ikwanciphisa inkcitho yesondlo kunye nefuthe lazo kokusingqongileyo ngaloo ndlela ilungelelaniswa neenjongo zozinzo kwinzululwazi yobisi.

Ukuthelekisa uGxininiso kunye neRoughage kwisondlo sezilwanyana

Ukutya kwezilwanyana kwahlulwe ngokweendidi ezimbini eziphambili: i-concentrates kunye ne-roughages. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zokutya zineenzuzo zazo ezizodwa kwisondlo sezilwanyana kwaye zinendima ethile kwisondlo sezilwanyana. Iinkozo, iimbewu ze-oyile ezifana nomgubo weembotyi zesoya kunye neemveliso eziphuma kwimveliso zeminye yemizekelo yezigxina ezityebileyo kwiprotheyini namandla kodwa ziswele ifayibha. I-concentrates idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuzalisekisa iimfuno zesondlo sezilwanyana ezivelisa kakhulu, kubandakanywa neenkomo zobisi, ngexesha lokuncancisa kwaye, ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka amaxabiso e-TDN ukusuka kwi-70-90%, oku kuthetha ukuba banikezela ngemithombo yamandla egxininise kakhulu.

Kwelinye icala, i-roughages ibandakanya ifula, ifula yefula, iintsalela zesityalo, kunye nengca, eziphawulwa kumxholo wefayibha ephezulu kodwa ukuxinana kwamandla amancinci. Badlala indima enkulu ekugcineni impilo entle kwizilwanyana ezetyisayo phakathi kwezinye. I-roughages kodwa inokwahluka phakathi kwe-50-65 % ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wefula esetyenziswayo njengoko kubonisiwe lixabiso layo le-TDN. Ukongeza, oku kutya kuphucula ukuvuthwa, ngokwenjenjalo kunciphisa amathuba okuphazamiseka kwemetabolism njenge-acidosis, enokuthi ibe nesiphumo sokuthembela ngokugqithisileyo kwizidlo ezisekelwe kwingqwalasela.

Uphando lwakutsha nje luchazile ukuba kunyanzelekile ukugcina umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokugxila kwi-roughage ekutyeni kwenkomo yobisi ukuze kuveliswe ubisi nempilo yezilwanyana. Ukutya okuqhelekileyo kweenkomo zobisi ezivelisa ubisi oluphezulu kunokubandakanya i-50-60% ye-roughage, kwisiseko somile, kunye ne-40-50% yengqondo; nangona kunjalo, oku kunokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lokuncancisa, umgangatho wefula kunye neenjongo zemveliso. Ukongeza, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukubandakanya i-roughages ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye ne-digestibility ephuculweyo kunciphisa iindleko zesondlo ngelixa kugcinwa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Enye ingxaki enkulu ejongene nogxininiso yimeko yeendleko kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukonyusa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo xa iinkozo neembewu ze-oyile zikhuliswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthembela kuphela kwi-roughages akunakuqinisekisa awona mazinga emveliso. Xa zidibene nobungqina obusekwe, ezi zimbini zokutya azikhokeleli kuphela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwezilwanyana kodwa zikwaqinisekisa ulimo oluzinzileyo ngokunciphisa ukonakaliswa kokutya kunye nelahleko yezondlo.

I-Concentrate Feed iPhucula Njani iFanethi yokuFumana kweZilwanyana?

Ukuphucula ukuThatha iSondlo kwiinkomo zobisi

Ukutya okugxininisiweyo komeleza ukondla kwenkomo zobisi ngokunika amandla atyebileyo, iiprotheyini, kunye neevithamini kunye neeminerali, ezidla ngokunqongophala ekutyeni okurhabaxa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izondlo zenkomo zibonelelwa ngendlela efanele ukuvelisa ubisi ngeyona ndlela iphezulu, ukukhula kunye nempilo entle. Abalimi, ngelixa beqwalasela iindlela zokutyisa ezizinzileyo, banokufikelela ezi njongo zikhankanywe ngasentla ngokudibanisa ukutya okugxininisiweyo kunye ne-roughage, ngaloo ndlela banelise iimfuno zezondlo zeenkomo zobisi kunye nokuthintela ukushokoxeka okugqithisileyo.

Impembelelo kwiMveliso yobisi kunye nokuncancisa

Ukondla ngokulungelelanisiweyo okudityaniswe nesintlakantlakiso kubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni isivuno sobisi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuncancisa okufanelekileyo. Ukuthatha amandla kubalulekile ekuxhaseni iimfuno zemetabolism kwiinkomo ezincancisayo, ngakumbi xa zincancisa xa kukho incopho yemveliso yobisi. I-starch ephezulu, i-fat-fat compound feeds iyaziwa ngokuba nefuthe elithe ngqo kumthamo wobisi kunye nokwakheka ngamanye amaxesha okwandisa ibhotela kunye nomxholo weprotheyini.

Uphononongo olusanda kupapashwa lubonisa ukuba ukondla umxhesho olungelelaniswe kakuhle wesondlo kunokunyusa imveliso yobisi ukuya kutsho kuma-25% ngokuchasene nezidlo ezixhomekeke kuphela kwi-roughage. Ngaphaya koko, ukulinganisa izondlo ezingundoqo ezifana nekhalsiyam kunye ne-phosphorus kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwemetabolism efana ne-milk fever kwaye ixhasa impilo yenkomo ngokubanzi phantsi kwesigaba sokuncancisa. Ukongeza, izicwangciso zesondlo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezisekelwe kwinqanaba elithile lokuncancisa zikwaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa ushishino lobisi oluzinzileyo, oluneendleko eziphantsi kunye nokuthomalalisa okuncinci okanye ukungabikho kwimveliso.

Ukuphucula ukuvutshelwa kweRumen kunye nempilo yenkomo yobisi

Ukwenza ukuba irumen ivundiswe ngeyona ndlela kwaye ikhusele impilo yenkomo zobisi, umxube weendlela kunye nemilinganiselo kufuneka isetyenziswe. Oku kulandelayo kuchaza amacandelo abalulekileyo kunye namanyathelo axhaswa ngubungqina okuphucula ukusebenza kwe-rumen kunye nokukhuthaza impilo yenkomo ngokubanzi:

Amanqanaba eFayibha asebenzayo

• Izixa ezaneleyo zefiber esebenzayo ngokwasemzimbeni (PEF) ekutyeni zibalulekile ekuvuseleleni ukuhlafuna kunye nokuphuma kwamathe oku kunceda ekukhuseleni i-pH yerumen oko kunciphisa amathuba okuba ne-asidi. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba kufanelekile ukuba ne-28-34% yefiber ye-detergent engathathi hlangothi (NDF) ekutyeni iyonke kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-19% evela kwi-forage ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic.

Imithombo yeCarbohydrate elungeleleneyo

• Ukunqanda ukufumba kweasidi eninzi kakhulu kwirumen, kufuneka kubekho umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kweekhabhohayidrethi ezibila ngokukhawuleza ezifana nesitatshi kunye ne-structural carbs. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemicrobial ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwerumen, izifundo zicebisa ukuba amanqanaba e-non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) kumxhesho oxubeneyo opheleleyo (TMR) kufuneka abe phakathi kwama-32-38%.

Ukusetyenziswa kwaMafutha aKhuselweyo yiRumen

• Ukongezelela la mafutha kwizabelo kuvumela ukwanda kwamandla okuxinana ngelixa kugcinwa ukugaya ifayibha kunye nomsebenzi we-microbial. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukongeza kwizidlo zobisi ngamafutha akhuselweyo kwi-rumen ngesantya se-2-5% kuphucula amandla kunye nesivuno sobisi.

I-Buffer kunye nezongezo ezongeziweyo

• Ukuzinziswa kwe-rumen pH kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa izinto ezikhuselayo ezifana ne-sodium bicarbonate kunye ne-magnesium oxide. Ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezisekwe kwigwele kunye nezongezo eziphilayo ze-microbial ezifana ne-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yonyusa umsebenzi wokuvubela ngama-microorganisms kungoko komeleza ukugaywa kwefayibha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutya.

Ukutya okuNgqongileyo

• Unikezelo lwesondlo oluthe gqolo ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwesondlo luthintela ukungangqinelani kwezidlo ezinokuphazamisa ukuvubela kwerumen. Idatha ekhoyo ibonisa ukuba ukondla amaxesha amaninzi yonke imihla kwandisa kakhulu into eyomileyo yemihla ngemihla (i-DMI), ekhokelela ekuziphatheni okungcono kwe-ruminal.

Ukongezwa okufanelekileyo kweeProtheyini

• Ibhalansi phakathi kwe-DIP (iprotheyini eyonakaliswayo yokutya) kunye ne-UIP (iprotein ye-intakeable intakeable) ibalulekile ukongeza ukusetyenziswa kwenitrogen kwirumen. Amaxabiso eprotheyini ekrwada ekutyeni akholisa ukucetyiswa malunga ne-16-18% ngokuxhomekeke kudidi lokuncancisa kunye nokujoliswe kuko kwisivuno sobisi, ngokulandelelanayo.

Ukufumaneka kwamanzi

• Iintsholongwane zeRumen kunye nokwetyisa zikhula kakuhle kumanzi acocekileyo, asemgangathweni abonelelwa rhoqo. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba inkomo yobisi eyanyisayo kufuneka idle iiponti ezintathu ukuya kwezine zamanzi ngeponti yobisi oluveliswayo olugxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo kumanzi.

Umlinganiselo weRumen pH

• Uvavanyo lolawulo lwe-rumen pH, ngokufanelekileyo ngokugqobhoza irumen okanye ukufaka imitha ye-pH esisigxina, luququzelela ukuchongwa kwangoko kwe-subclinical acidosis. Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvundiswa kwemicrobial kuthande ukubaphezulu xa i-rumen pH ingaphakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-7.

Ukuphumeza amacebo anjalo ngeli lixa uzibeke esweni ngokuqhubekayo kuya kuphucula impilo ye-rumen ngoko ke kunyuswe imveliso, kuthotywe imingcipheko enxulumene nempilo yezilwanyana kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kokufuya ubisi. Ngaphaya koko, ezi nkqubela phambili kwiindlela zolawulo lwangoku zobisi zomelezwa ngokudibanisa itekhnoloji echanekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuthatha izigqibo eziqhutywa lulwazi.

Zeziphi iZondlo eziBalulekileyo eziFumana kwiZizo eziNxibelelaniso?

Amaqela eZondlo eziphambili: Iprotheyini ekrwada, i-Fatty Acids, kunye nokunye

Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kulungiselelwe ukunika izondlo ezibalulekileyo ezinceda impilo, imveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemfuyo. Apha ngezantsi lucazululo olubanzi lwamaqela aphambili ezondlo akhoyo kwisondlo esigxininisekileyo:

Iprotheyini ekrwada

• Iprotheyini ekrwada isebenza njengomthombo obalulekileyo wee-amino acids eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni, ekuveliseni nasekuveliseni ubisi kwiinkomo zobisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutya okugxininisiweyo kuqulethe i-12-20% yeprotheyini ekrwada ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokutya kwemfuyo. Iimbotyi zesoya, i-canola, kunye ne-cottonseed yimithombo eqhelekileyo yeprotheyini.

Ii-Acids ezinamafutha (Amafutha kunye neeOyile)

• Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kukwaqulathe amafutha asebenza njengemithombo yamandla agxininisiweyo axhasa ukusebenza kokuzala kunye nomgangatho wobisi ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya. Isiqulatho samafutha ngokuqhelekileyo sisuka phakathi kwe-2-8%, kunye nemithombo efana ne-tallow, i-oyile ye-soya kunye ne-fat supplements ekhuselekileyo esetyenziswayo.

I-carbohydrate

• Ukuveliswa kwamandla okukhawuleza kwenziwa ukuba kwenzeke ngeekhabhohayidrethi, ubukhulu becala ngestatshi okanye iswekile. Iikhabhohayidrethi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokutya okugxininiswe kakhulu okuvela kwiinkozo ezifana nombona, irhasi, nengqolowa, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukubonelelwa rhoqo kwamandla.

ifayibha

• Nangona izidlo ezigxininisiweyo zinefiber ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-roughage; zongezelelo zenziwe ukuxhasa ukwetyisa kusetyenziswa izakhi zefiber ezinganyibilikiyo. Iimathiriyeli zefibrous ezixhaphakileyo ezinje ngebeet pulp okanye iiholi zesoya zenzelwe ukomeleza umsebenzi werumen.

Iivithamini kunye neMinerals

• Ukuphuhliswa kwamathambo, impilo ye-immune kunye nokusebenza kwe-metabolic kuchatshazelwa kubukho beevithamini ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-A, D, E kunye nokulandelela iiminerali ezibandakanya i-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-zinc kunye ne-selenium. Ezi khompawundi zibandakanyiwe ngokwemiyinge ngqo ukugcina ukutya kwezilwanyana kulinganiswe ngokweemfuno zazo.

amandla

• I-Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umthamo wamandla kwi-concentrate feeds. Ukutya okune-eneji ephezulu kukuxhasa ukuncancisa, ukufumana ubunzima, kunye nomsebenzi womzimba. Umgubo wengqolowa kunye nemolasi zeminye yemizekelo yezithako ezixinene ngamandla.

Izongezo kunye nezongezo

• Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kunokuba neeprobiotics okanye ii-prebiotics; ii-enzymes; izithinteli ezinceda ekutyiseni ngokwenza oko ziphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezondlo ngelixa kuthintelwa i-rumen acidosis.

Iqela ngalinye lezondlo linendima eyodwa ekuxhaseni impilo jikelele kunye nemveliso yezilwanyana kungoko; ukondla kufuneka kuthathele ingqalelo iinjongo zesondlo ezikhethekileyo zomsebenzi othile wokufama.

Ukubaluleka koMba owomileyo kunye neMithombo yaMandla

Into eyomileyo (i-DM) emva kokucima ukufuma yinxalenye yokutya enazo zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zezondlo ezifana neeprotheni, iifayibha, amafutha, iivithamini kunye neeminerali. Ipesenteji ye-Dry matter kwi-feeds ingundoqo ekwenzeni umxhesho ochanekileyo oqinisekisa ukuba imfuyo ibonelelwa ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wezondlo ngokomlinganiselo wayo ochanekileyo wempilo entle kunye namazinga aphezulu emveliso. Umzekelo, iinkomo zobisi ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna ukutya okubandakanya i-40-60% yomxholo owomileyo ovela kwi-forage ukugcina isivuno sobisi kunye nempumelelo yokwetyisa.

Amandla, kwelinye icala, ayimfuneko ngokulinganayo njengoko enza isiseko sakho konke ukukhula, ukuzala, kunye neenkqubo zemveliso, ezifana nokuncancisa okanye ukufumana ubunzima bomzimba. Izondlo eziDigestible ezipheleleyo (TDN) zisetyenziselwa ukumisela umxholo wamandla kwiifidi. Iimazi zeenkomo zobisi ezivelisa kakhulu kufuneka zondliwe malunga ne-70-75% yezinga le-TDN ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zazo zamandla. Ukungalingani kwamandla, ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa ubunzima obungaphantsi okanye ukugqithisa, kunokubangela izifo ezifana ne-ketosis okanye ukukhuluphala, ukunciphisa imveliso ngomda obalulekileyo.

Eyona mixholo eyomileyo ekwisondlo ibalulekile kuphando lwakutsha nje. Umzekelo, ukubandakanya amandla aphezulu ukutya okufana neecereals (umbona kunye nerhasi) kufunyaniswe ukuba zongeza amandla axineneyo kwaye zigcina ukusebenza kweruminal kulungile kwizidlo ezisekelwe kwifula. Ngokuthe ngqo, ukondla kobuchwepheshe kuvumela ukulungelelaniswa kwezi zithako okwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutyisa ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe umlinganiselo wokuguqulwa kwesondlo kunye nokuzuza kwezoqoqosho.

Indima yeeVithamini ezifana neVithamin E kwiSondlo sobisi

Lilonke, iVithamin E yinxalenye ephambili yempilo yeenkomo zobisi njengoko isebenza ikakhulu njenge-antioxidant exhasa amajoni omzimba kunye nokukwazi ukuzala. Ikwanceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative olunokuthi lonakalise impilo yezilwanyana iyonke kunye nemveliso, ngakumbi ngexesha loxinzelelo lwe-metabolic, njengokuzala. Amanqanaba owanelisayo kavithamin E nawo adlala indima ekunciphiseni amazinga osulelo lwemastitis, ngaloo ndlela ekhuthaza impilo yombele. Ekubeni ukutya okusekelwe kwi-forage akukwazi ukubonelela ngokwaneleyo, ukuxhaswa okufanelekileyo kufuneka kugcinwe ngamaxesha onke. Kwelinye icala, ukuqiniseka ukuba kukho ivithamin E efumaneka rhoqo ngokusebenzisa ukutya okanye izongezo kuphucula umgangatho wobisi, impilo yemihlambi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Indlela yokulinganisa iReyishini yokuNxibelelaniso yeSondlo seSilwanyana esiLungileyo?

Ubuchule boLawulo lokuTyelwa kokuFundiswa

Umgangatho wokutyisa kunye nokuhambelana

• Qinisekisa ukuba ukutya kutsha, kunencasa kwaye akukho nakuphi na ukungcola. Ukunyameka ekubunjweni kokutya kunceda ngokuthathwa okulawulwayo kunye neengxaki zokugaya.

Ukunyanzeliswa kokuTyelwa rhoqo 

• Ukutya ngamaxesha athile kufuneka kwakhona kuqinisekise ukuba kukho ukutya okwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukumoshwa okuphantsi kunye nezikhewu zokutyisa. Ukuhlala ixesha elide kunokukhokelela ekutyeni yiloo nto kubangele imiba enzulu yempilo ebinokuthi ithintelwe.

Ulungelelwaniso lokutya kwiiMeko zokusiNgqongileyo

• Qinisekisa ukuba iimeko ezinxulumene nemozulu ezifana nobunzima bobushushu kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi zibonelelwa kakuhle ngokuhlengahlengisa kunye nokuphinda kuqulunqwe ukutya ukuze kusebenze kakhulu.

Ulawulo lweBunk yesondlo kunye noLondolozo 

• Zithambekele ekucocekeni kweebhanke zesondlo kunye nesixa sokutya esinikiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukushiyeka okuncinci okukhokelela kwinkcitho eninzi kunye okanye ukonakala kunye nokuqinisekisa imikhwa ehambelanayo yokutya.

Iimfuno zezilwanyana kwiZitya 

• Ulwabiwo kufuneka luyilelwe ukuhlangabezana namandla athile, iiprotheyini, kunye neemfuno zefayibha zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo emveliso.

Ukulungelelanisa amaNqanaba okuGxininisa kuManqanaba ahlukeneyo eLactate

Okokuqala, ndiza kuvavanya iimfuno zamandla esilwanyana, ezichongwa yimeko yomzimba, ukuveliswa kobisi, kunye nempilo yonke, ukuze kulungiswe amanqanaba okugxila ngokuxhomekeke kwizigaba zokuncancisa. Ngokubanzi, ukuncancisa kwangethuba kufuna iqondo eliphezulu lokugxila kwimfuno eyongeziweyo yamandla, ngelixa ukuncancisa kwaphakathi nasemva kwexesha lokuncancisa kusenokufuna utshintsho oluthe chu ukunciphisa ukutyeba okugqithisileyo. Ndingaqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo phakathi kwefula kunye nezigxininisi ulungelelaniswa kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukukhuthaza ukugaya okufanelekileyo kunye nemveliso ngelixa ugcina umkhondo wentsebenzo kwaye emva koko uyilungisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukubandakanya izongezo zokuSebenza ngcono kweNkomo yoDari

Ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo zokutya kwizabelo zeenkomo zobisi kungahamba indlela ende ekwandiseni imveliso yobisi, impilo kunye nempumelelo yokuzala. Izongezo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziivithamini, iiminerali kunye nezongezo zokutya ezijolise kwiimfuno ezithile zomzimba.

Iivithamini kunye neMinerals

• Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthathwa okwaneleyo kweevithamini kunye neeminerali ukuze zisebenze kakuhle kwiinkomo zobisi. Ngokomzekelo, i-calcium kunye ne-phosphorus zibalulekile ekubunjweni kwamathambo kunye ne-milk synthesis ngelixa i-magnesium ixhasa ukusebenza kwemisipha. I-Zinc, i-manganese, i-selenium phakathi kwezinye izinto zokulandelela zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni kunye nokuzala. Ukunqongophala kwe-selenium kunokoyiswa ngokongeza izidlo nge-0.3 ppm (into eyomileyo iyonke) Se kunye namazinga aphuculweyo okuzala ngelixa kuncitshiswa iingxaki ezigciniweyo ze-placenta phakathi kweenkomo zobisi.

I-Rumen-Ekhuselweyo ye-Amino Acids

• I-methionine kunye ne-lysine amino acids zithintele ngokubanzi kwizidlo ezidliwayo. Ukwenziwa kweprotheyini yobisi kunokomelezwa ngokubandakanywa kweeamino acids ezikhuselwe kwirumen ezikhokelela kwisiqulatho seprotheyini eninzi kubisi oluveliswayo. I-methionine supplementation ibonakaliswe ngophando ukwandisa isivuno sobisi ukuya kwi-1.5 yeeponti ngosuku ngenkomo nganye ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-nitrogen.

Iiprobiotics kunye neYeast Cultures

• Ukuzinzisa i-rumen pH, ukonyusa ukotyiswa kwefayibha kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya, iinkcubeko zegwele eliphilayo kuquka iiprobiotics ziyasetyenziswa. Iimazi ezitya kakhulu xa zisanda kuncancisa zingandiswa ngokusebenzisa igwele eliphilayo njenge Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Imveliso yobisi inokunyuswa nge-2-3% ngenxa yokuphuculwa kokugaywa kwefiber.

Acatty Acids

• Ukuvuvukala kunokuncitshiswa ngelixa ukusebenza kokuzala kuphuculwe ngokongeza iintlobo ezithile ze-fatty acids ezifana ne-omega-3 okanye i-omega-6. Ii-Omega-3 fatty acids ezityetyisiweyo ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokwehla kweentsuku ezivulelekileyo (inani leentsuku phakathi kokuzala nokukhawula) nto leyo exhasa ukuchuma okungcono.

Ii-Buffers kunye ne-Neutralizing Agents

• Ukutya kweenkomo zobisi ubukhulu becala kuqulathe i-sodium bicarbonate njengesithinteli sokuzinzisa i-rumen pH kungoko kuthintela i-acidosis ikakhulu kwizidlo zekhabhohayidrethi ezivubela ngokukhawuleza. Uzinzo lokusebenza kweRuminal kunye nokunyuka komthamo wamafutha obisi kuye kwaxelwa apho izithinteli ziye zaqeshwa ngomyinge we-0.75% yesabelo sisonke.

Choline kunye neBetaine

• Ukutya okubandakanya i-rumen-ekhuselwe i-choline kunye ne-betaine inokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kwesibindi kunye ne-metabolism yamandla kwiinkomo zenguqu. I-choline inceda ekwehliseni ukwenzeka kwesibindi esinamafutha kunye ne-ketosis, okukhokelela ekwandeni kwesivuno sobisi emva kokuzala.

Ukuphuhlisa umgangatho wobisi ophuculweyo, impilo yenkomo, kunye nemveliso iyonke kufuna ukuba kukhethwe ngononophelo kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kwezongezo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno ezingqamene nomhlambi. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokubonisana neengcali zokutya kuya kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko lwezicwangciso zokuncedisa.

Ingaba ikhona imiceli mngeni ekusebenziseni iFind Concentrate xa zincancisa iinkomo zobisi?

Ukujongana ne-Rumen pH kunye ne-Acidosis Risks

Ukuthintela i-acidosis kwinkomo yobisi eyanyisayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubamba i-rumen pH kweyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Ukondla amanqanaba aphezulu ekhabhohayidrethi ezivubela ngokukhawuleza ekutyeni kunokuthoba i-rumen pH nto leyo ekhokelela kwi-subacute okanye kwi-acute acidosis. Iphazamisana nokwetyisa kwaye yehlise ukutyiwa kwesondlo kunye nokuveliswa kobisi ngendlela engeyiyo yisilwanyana esetyisayo. Ngoko ke, izintlakantlakiso ezaneleyo kufuneka zibandakanywe kwiinkqubo zokutyisa njengoko ziphucula isenzo sokuhlafuna kwaye zivuselela ukuqukuqela kwamathe, oko kuthintele inqanaba leasidi ngaphakathi kwirumen. Ukusetyenziswa kwezithinteli zokutya ezifana nesodium bicarbonate kunokunceda ukuzinzisa i-pH ye-ruminal ukuze ikwazi ukuxhasa inani elikhulu leentsholongwane eziluncedo. Ukufunyaniswa kwangethuba kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwemiba enokwenzeka kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba kukho ukubekwa esweni rhoqo kokwakheka kwesondlo kunye nokuziphatha kwenkomo.

Ukulawula iProtozoon kunye neMicrobial Balance

Ulungelelwaniso olululo lwemicrobial ecosystem kwirumen ibalulekile ekwandiseni ukwetyisa kwesondlo kunye nokuvubela kwiinkomo zobisi ezincancisayo. I-Rumen protozoa ibaluleke kakhulu ekuzinziseni ukuvubela kwerumen ngokophula isitatshi esigqithisileyo ngoko ke, ijonga ukukhula okungalawulekiyo kwezinye iindidi zebhaktiriya ezifana nezo zibangela i-lactic acid ethintela ukuveliswa ngokugqithisileyo kwebhaktiriya evelisa i-lactic acid. Imeko enjalo iyayinciphisa ingozi ye-acidosis ngelixa isomeleza impilo ye-ruminal ngokubanzi.

Uphuhliso lwamva nje lwerumen microbiology lugxininise ukubaluleka kwamaqela ebhaktiriya, oko kukuthi, i-Fibrobacter succinogenes kunye ne-Ruminococcus albus ekuthotyweni kwe-cellulose okukhokelela ekonakaleni kwefiber ephezulu kunye nokufunxa izondlo. Ngokuchaseneyo, izixa ezigqithisileyo zebhaktiriya ye-amylolytic inokukhokelela ekuvubeleni okungalinganiyo kwestatshi ngaloo ndlela ibe namazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-lactic acid kunye nokuphazamiseka amanqanaba e-rumen ye-pH.

Ulungelelwaniso lweMicrobial kufuneka lugcinwe ngobuchule bokutyisa obuqulathe imiyinge efanelekileyo yeecarbohydrates zolwakhiwo njenge-NDF (neutral detergent fiber) ekhuthaza ukuphindaphindeka kwe-cellulolytic microorganisms. Ukongeza, ukubandakanya iikhabhohayidrethi ezivundileyo ziqinisekisa ngokuthe chu ukuba amandla avundileyo akhululwa ngokuthe ngcembe, nto leyo ethintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumanani amancinci. Ishedyuli yokondla inokuthi yongezwe ngamacandelo athile anje ngegwele leenkcubeko okanye iintlobo zeprobiotic eziphilayo ezifana ne-Saccharomyces cerevisiae ukuphucula umsebenzi we-cellulase, ukuzinzisa ukuvutshelwa, kunye nokukhuthaza ukwanda kweebhaktheriya eziluncedo.

Idatha ngamanani ibonisa ukuba iinkomo ezityiswe igwele eliphilayo zirekhoda ukwanda okuphakathi kwe-15-20% kwifayibha yokutyiswa kakuhle kunye nokuncipha kokuxhaphaka kwe-subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) ngaphezulu kwe-30%. Iziphumo ke ngoko ziqaqambisa imfuneko yokwenziwa ngendlela eyiyo kokutya ukuze kugcinwe ulungelelwano lwezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ehlala irumen, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwimveliso yobisi nempilo yezilwanyana. Ukuthathwa kwesampulu rhoqo kunye nohlalutyo lwesiqulatho serumen kunye nohlengahlengiso oluchanekileyo lomxhesho lunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga notshintsho olwenzeka kuluntu lwemicrobial, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwirumen.

Ukuvavanya iMpembelelo yeNgqwalasela kuMxholo weFat yobisi

Xa ukuxinana okugqithisileyo kukho ekutyeni kwenkomo yobisi, kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwinxalenye yamafutha obisi. Ukutya okugxininisiweyo okugqithisileyo kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwefayibha, nto leyo ethoba ukuhluma kwaye, ngoko ke, ukuveliswa kwamathe okucutha isakhono se-rumen, okukhokelela ekwehleni kwe-rumen pH kunye nokuguqulwa kweepateni zokuvubela kwe-microbial okubandakanya ukuncitshiswa kokumila kwe-acetate kunye nokwanda kwamanqanaba epropionate. Ukuncipha kwe-acetate okubangelwa koku kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuhlanganiswa kwamafutha obisi. Ukujongana nokuhla, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wefula-to-concentrate kufuneka ugcinwe ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba kukho umthombo wefayibha osebenzayo okhoyo ekutyeni ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwamafutha obisi okunempilo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQs)

UMBUZO: Zithini izidlo ezigxininisiweyo, kwaye zahluke njani kwisondlo esipheleleyo senkomo yobisi?

IMPENDULO: Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kukutya okunezondlo ezininzi ezincedisana nefula kwiinkomo zobisi. Ngokungafaniyo nesondlo esipheleleyo esihlangabezana neemfuneko zezondlo kumxube omnye, ukutya okugxininisekileyo kuyilelwe ukwandisa amandla, iprotein, kunye nezinye izondlo eziyimfuneko. Ngokwesiqhelo, iquka iinkozo, iiprotheyini, kunye nezinye izongezo ezenzelwe ukomeleza ukuthathwa kwefula kunye nesivuno sobisi kwinkomo yobisi.

Umbuzo: Lithini ifuthe lokutya okupheleleyo kokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okushiyeka kwiinkomo zobisi kusetyenziswa ukutya okugxininisiweyo?

IMPENDULO: Imveliso yobisi egxininisiweyo inamandla okuchaphazela ukutya okupheleleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwinkomo yobisi. Ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwefula kunye ne-concentrate bugciniwe buhlala buphakamisa ukuxinana kwamandla okutya ngoko ke kuphuculwe ukuguqulwa komlinganiselo wesondlo. Oku ke ngoko kukhokelela ekwandeni kwamandla akhoyo okuvelisa nokugcinwa kobisi lomntu ngamnye. Nangona kunjalo, ukujongwa ngononophelo komlinganiselo kunye nefula kubalulekile ukugcina impilo efanelekileyo ye-rumen kunye nempilo yokwetyisa kwesilwanyana.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kwee-asidi eziguquguqukayo ezinamafutha kwisondlo seenkomo zobisi, kwaye yintoni indima yesondlo esigxininisiweyo ekuhlanganiseni kwazo?

A: Okuqaphelekayo, iiasidi eziguquguqukayo zamanqatha njengeacetic, butyric, kunye nepropionic ziveliswa ngexesha lokubiliswa kwekhabhohayidreti kwisithuba serumen. Ukusetyenziswa kwezigxininisi eziphezulu kwistatshi, njengombona, kwaziwa ngokutshintsha iprofayile yeVFA ekunyuseni imveliso yepropionic acid, enokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nemveliso yobisi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwezigxininisi kunakho ukuthoba ngokungenamkhethe ukuthoba ifayibha yokucolwa kokucoleka, i-ruminal acidosis ingomnye woonobangela abanokubakho.

Umbuzo: Phawula ngefuthe lokutya okugxininisiweyo kwi-microbial protein synthesis kwiibhokhwe kunye nenkcubeko yenkomo zobisi.

IMPENDULO: Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kusebenza njengeyona mba iphambili ivuselela ukuhlanganiswa kweprotheyini yentsholongwane kwindawo yerumen. Ithanda ukuquka iicarbohydrates ezivundileyo kunye neprotheyini ethanda ukukhula kwemicrobes kungoko isonyusa isixa semicrobial protein edityanisiweyo, le proteni iluncedo kakhulu kwimveliso yobisi kunye nokunceda inkomo ekusebenzeni kweselula. Kwelinye icala, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ukulawulwa ngokuqinileyo kweprotheyini kunye namandla kwi-concentrate kubalulekile, njengoko iprotheni engaphezulu iya kukhokelela ekugqithiseni kwe-ammonia kwirumen.

Q: Lithini ifuthe lezongezo zesondlo ezahlukeneyo ezidla ngokuqukwa kwisondlo senkomo yobisi?

A: Phakathi kwezongezo zokutya ezihambelana noluhlu olukhankanywe ngasentla ziivithamini A kunye no-E ezongezelelekileyo, eziluncedo ekwandiseni amajoni omzimba kunye nemisebenzi yokuzala. Ezi ziquka i-dicalcium phosphate, i-ferrous sulfate, i-zinc oxide, i-zinc sulfate, i-manganese sulfate, kunye ne-copper sulfate; ezi zongezo zibalulekile kwimisebenzi emininzi yomzimba. Ngaphandle kokuba zisasazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwi-concentrate ngaphambi kokuxhaswa, ezongezo ezinjalo zinokuba luncedo ngokuphucula imeko yezempilo, ukuguqulwa kwesondlo ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokunyuka kwesivuno sobisi.

Umbuzo: Lithini ifuthe lokongeza isondlo senkomo yobisi ngombona ekusebenzeni kwazo?

IMPENDULO: Iinkozo zombona sesinye sezithako ezongezelela amandla aphezulu ezityiswa iinkomo zobisi kwi-concentrate rations kunye nedayethi. Oku kunokonyusa ngakumbi ugxininiso lwamandla ekutyeni, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni kwemveliso yobisi kunye nemeko yomzimba. Isitatshi sombona sivubela ngokulula, sibonelela ngesitatshi esinokunyusa umthamo weasidi yepropionic eveliswa kwirumen, nto leyo elungele ukwenziwa kweglucose kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwelactose ebisini. Kufuneka kuqikelelwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kufuneka kubekho imithombo yefiber eyaneleyo ebonelelwayo encedisana nombona ukuze kugcinwe impilo yerumen.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi izinto ekufuneka zigcinwe engqondweni ngelixa ulungiselela i-Holstein Cow concentrates feeds?

A: Ukwakhiwa kwesondlo se-Concentrates ye-Holstein Cows kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi. Ziquka inqanaba lokuncancisa, izinga lemveliso yobisi, isimo somzimba, kunye nomgangatho wefula. Kuba iinkomo zase Holstein zaziwa ngokuvelisa ubisi oluphezulu, ziyakufuna amandla aphezulu kunye nesiqulatho seprotheyini kwingqwalasela yazo kunezinye iindidi zenkomo. Ecaleni kolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-amino acid, amanqanaba aneleyo e-NFCs, iiminerali, kunye neevithamini ziyafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kolu didi lwenkomo luxeliweyo.

Imithombo yoReferensi

1. Kholif et al. (2022) (Kholif et al., 2022)

• Iziphumo eziphambili:
• Ukutshintsha i-20-40% yomxube we-concentrate ngomxube we-Moringa oleifera silage kunye ne-Chlorella vulgaris microalgae kuphuculwe ukucolwa kwesondlo, iimpawu zokuvubela kwe-ruminal, ukuveliswa kobisi, ukwakheka, kunye neprofayili ye-asidi enamafutha kwiibhokhwe zaseDamasko.
• Ukuquka iMoringa oleifera exutyiweyo kunye ne-microalgae feeds njengenxalenye yokuthatha indawo yezigxinaniso kunokuphucula ukuveliswa kobisi kunye nomgangatho wobisi ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubume bempilo yezilwanyana.
• Indlela:
• I-3 × 3 uyilo lwesikwere sesiLatini sasetyenziswa kunye neebhokhwe zaseDamasko ezincancisayo ezili-15 ezahlulwe zangamaqela amathathu.
• Umxube ogxininisiweyo wonyango ufumene endaweni yeMoringa oleifera silage kunye neChlorella vulgaris microalgae nokuba yi-20% (MA20) okanye 40% (MA40).
• Ukutya okudliwayo, ukugaywa kwezondlo, ukuvutshelwa kwe-ruminal, i-metabolites ye-serum, ukuveliswa kobisi kunye nokubunjwa, kunye neprofayili ye-fatty acid yalinganiswa.

2. Schilde et al. (2021) (Schilde et al., 2021, iphepha 79–104)

• Iziphumo eziphambili:
• Ukukhutshwa kwe-methane ngekhilogram yezinto ezomileyo (DMI) kunye nekhilogram yobisi olulungisiweyo lwamandla lwathotywa nge-3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) kunye ne-high concentrate feed proportion (CFP).
• Ukongezwa kokutya okuphezulu kwefula ngokuhamba kwexesha kukhokelele ekwehleni kwesiphumo sokunciphisa i-methane ye-3-NOP.
• I-CFP ephezulu kunye ne-3-NOP iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya ngelixa inciphisa ukulahleka kobunzima bomzimba kwiinkomo zobisi ze-periparturient.
• Indlela:
• I-2 × 2 i-factorial design isetyenziswe kunye neenkomo ze-55 Holstein: i-CFP ephantsi kunye nephezulu, nokuba ngaphandle (CONLC, CONHC) okanye nge-3-NOP (NOPLC, NOPHC).
• Ukugaywa kokutya, ukukhutshwa kwemethane, kunye nokubiliswa kwerumen kuye kwalinganiswa.

3. ULiu et al. (2021) (Liu et al., 2021)

• Iziphumo eziphambili:
• I-Rumen-ekhuselwe i-methionine kunye ne-lysine kunye/okanye i-supplement concentrate feed ichaphazele i-volatile fatty acid (VFA) iprofayili kunye nokwakheka kwe-rumen microbiota kwidlelo lokuncancisa.
• Umlinganiselo we-Firmicutes ukuya kwi-Bacteroidetes kwi-rumen wawuphezulu kwizilwanyana ezifumene zombini ukutya okugxininisiweyo kunye nee-amino acid ezikhuselweyo ngokwahlukileyo kwezo zifumene ii-amino acids ezikhuselweyo kuphela.
• Ukutya okugxininisiweyo kunyuse ugxininiso lweVFA, kuquka iiVFA zizonke, iacetate, kunye nebutyrate kwirumen.
• Indlela:
• Amashumi amabini anesine iiyak zokuncancisa ziye zabelwa ngokungenamkhethe kumaqela amane: ulawulo, isondlo esigxininisekileyo (C), i-rumen-protected amino acids (RPA), okanye zombini i-RPA kunye ne-C.
• Iisampulu zomxholo we-rumen zathathwa ukuze zihlalutywe ngokulandelelana kwe-16S rRNA amaqhekeza emfuza.
• Kwakhona, sizimisele ukuqokelelwa kweVFA kwirumen.

4. UHeymann et al. (2021) (Heymann et al., 2021, p. e0246679)

• Iziphumo eziphambili:
• Iiparamitha zegazi ezinxulumene nesibindi, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, kunye ne-histology yesibindi azizange zichaphazeleke yi-Glyphosate (GLY) iintsalela kwizidlo zenkomo yobisi, kunye ne-concentrate feed proportion.
• Kwiqela elondliwe izabelo ezigxininiswe kakhulu nge-GLY-engcolisekileyo yokutya, kukho ukonyuka okwethutyana kwi-bilirubin yoxinzelelo lwegazi, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwakungaziwa.
• Indlela:
• Iimazi zeenkomo zaseJamani ezingama-61 zase Holstein mhlawumbi zanikwa umxhesho oxubeneyo we-GLY-engcolisekileyo (TMR) okanye ulawulo lwe-TMR kwaye zohlulwe ngokwamaqela omlinganiselo ophantsi/ophezulu wokutya.
• Uphononongo ke ngoko luvavanye iiparamitha zegazi, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, kunye ne-histology yesibindi.

5. UPatyal et al. (2021) (Patyal et al., 2021, iphepha 37705–37715)

• Iziphumo eziphambili:
• Izilwanyana zobisi ezisuka ePunjab, eIndiya, zazingcoliswe yiaflatoxin.
• Xa i-aflatoxin B1 igqithiselwa ebisini ithathwa njengethiyori (i-aflatoxin M1), ngoko oku kunokubangela ukungcoliseka kobisi ngama-50-100% ngaphezu kwenqanaba lokunyamezela kwe-EU.
• Indlela:
• Ungcoliseko lwe-Aflatoxin kwiisampulu zesondlo ezigxininisiweyo ezivela kwiifama zobisi e-Punjab, e-Indiya, zahlalutywa.
• Ukugqithiswa okunokwenzeka kwe-aflatoxin B1 ukusuka kwisondlo ukuya ebisini (i-aflatoxin M1) ngezibalo zethiyori.

6. Ukutya kwezilwanyana

7. Isondlo

8. amafutha